Founders of Computer Languages

1) Tim Berners Lee -- Founder of the World Wide Web

                               

2) Bjarne Stroustrup - founder of C++,  Stroustrup called his new language 'C with Classes' and then 'new C'.Because of which the original C began to be called 'old C' which was considered insulting to the C community. At this time Rick Mascitti suggested the name C++ as a successor to C.

                                         
3) Michael Dell - Dell Computers

                           
4) Larry Ellison of Oracle.  Larry Ellison and Bob Oats were working on a consulting project for the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency). The code name for the project was called Oracle (the CIA saw this as the system to give answers to all questions or something such). The project was designed to help use the newly written SQL code by IBM. The project eventually was terminated but Larry and Bob decided to finish what they started and bring it to the world. They kept the name Oracle and created the RDBMS engine. Later they kept the same name for the company.

                                     
5) James Gosling of Sun Microsystems - Father of Java. Java was originally called Oak by creator James Gosling, from the tree that stood outside his window, the programming team had to look for a substitute as there was no other language with the same name. Java was selected from a list of suggestions. It came from the name of the coffee that the programmers drank.

                                 
6) Bill Hewlett(L) and Dave Packard(R) of HP. Behind them in the picture is the famous HP Garage. Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard tossed a coin to decide whether the company they founded would be called Hewlett-Packard or Packard-Hewlett.

7) Ken Thompson (L)and Dennis Ritchie(R) ,creators of UNIX, B and C Dennis Ritchie improved on the B programming language and called it 'New B'.He later called it C. B was created by Ken Thompson revision of the Bon programming language (named after his wife Bonnie)

                                     

8) Larry Page(L) and Sergey Brin(R), founders of Google. Google was originally named 'Googol'. After founders (Stanford graduates) Sergey Brin and Larry Page presented their project to an angel investor, they received a cheque made out to 'Google' !

                                             

9) Gordon Moore(L) and Bob Noyce(R) ,founders of Intel Bob Noyce and Gordon Moore wanted to name their new company 'MooreNoyce' but that was already trademarked by a hotel chain, so they had to settle for an acronym of INTegrated ELectronics.

                                         

                                                         

10) Andreas Bechtolsheim , Bill Joy, Scott McNealy and Vinod Khosla of SUN(StanfordUniversity Network) MicroSystems.  Founded by four StanfordUniversity buddies, SUN is the acronym for StanfordUniversityNetwork. Andreas Bechtolsheim built a microcomputer; Vinod Khosla recruited him and Scott McNealy to manufacture computers based on it, and Bill Joy to develop a UNIX-based OS for the computer.

                                                 

11) Linus Torvalds of Linux Operating System Linus Torvalds originally used the Minix OS on his system which he replaced by his OS. Hence the working name was Linux (Linus' Minix). He thought the name to be too egotistical and planned to name it Freax (free + freak + x). His friend Ari Lemmk encouraged Linus to upload it to a network so it could be easily downloaded. Ari gave Linus a directory called linux on his FTP server, as he did not like the name Freax. (Linus' parents named him after two-time Nobel Prize winner Linus Pauling)

                                         
12) Steve Woznaik(sitting) and Steve Jobs of APPLE Computers Favorite fruit of founder Steve Jobs. He was three months late in filing a name for the business, and he threatened to call his company Apple Computers if the other colleagues didn't suggest a better name by 5 o'clock

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Choosing The Right Tablet For You

Tablets may be the world's hottest gadget right now, with everyone from PC makers to cellphone manufacturers, monitor suppliers and booksellers racing to release a version of these portable, touch-screen computers. Many of these tablets will debut in 2011. Here's a look at the models that have already been announced.

                                                                      Apple iPad

                                           
Size: 9.7-inch screen, 1.5 pounds
Operating system: Apple's iOS
Launch date: April 2010
Price: $499 to $829, depending on memory and connectivity
Apple's iPad is far from the first tablet computer to have launched, but like many Apple products, it has redefined its category and quickly become the market leader. People are already eagerly awaiting the next iPad, which many believe will incorporate some wished-for elements, such as a camera and higher-resolution display.

                                                               Samsung Galaxy Tab

Size: 7-inch screen, approximately 0.8 pounds
Operating system: Google's Android (2.2)
Launch date: November 2010
Price: $400 to $600, depending on carrier and data plan
Perhaps the most appealing alternative to an iPad this holiday season will be Samsung's Galaxy Tab. Like the company's Galaxy S smartphone line, the Galaxy Tab utilizes Samsung's advanced display and processor technology and will be sold through multiple operators. Samsung plans to introduce more tablets in different sizes next year.

                                                                             Dell Streak

                                                         

Size: 5-inch screen, 7.8 ounces
Operating system: Google's Android (1.6 but upgradeable to 2.2)
Launch date: August 2010
Price: $300 with a two-year service plan, $550 without
Despite some skepticism over the Dell Streak's qualifications as a tablet (because it is so small), the PC maker is marketing the 5-inch device as such, under the description "pocket tablet." The company intends to launch larger tablets next year.

                                                                Archos Series

 Size: 2.8-inch to 10.1-inch screen and up to 1 pound, depending on model
Operating system: Google's Android (1.5 or 2.2, depending on model)
Launch date: Summer-Fall 2010; November 2010 for 10-inch version
Price: $100 to $350, depending on size and memory
Archos may be the world's most prolific tablet maker. The French company was one of the first to come out with a tablet powered by Google's Android mobile platform, in 2009. This year, it added seven more models, including two designed to be stationed and used at home.

                                                         Barnes & Noble Nook Color

Size: 7-inch screen, approximately 1 pound
Operating system: Google's Android (2.1)
Launch date: mid-November 2010
Price: $249
Though technically an e-reader, Barnes & Noble's newest Nook boasts enough other features, including a full-color, 7-inch touch-screen, a Web browser and Android software that it could also qualify as a tablet. There's one catch, however: users will only have access to a selection of Android applications, rather than the full app store.

                                                                    Toshiba Folio 100

 Size: 10.1-inch screen, 1.7 pounds
Operating system: Google's Android (2.2)
Launch date: November 2010
Price: $563
Toshiba is another member of the Android camp. The PC maker built its own mobile applications and digital music store for the Folio which, at 10 inches, is larger than most Android tablets. The device is currently only available outside the U.S.; it launched outside the U.S. in early November.

                                                                 BlackBerry PlayBook

                                           
Size: 7-inch screen, approximately 0.9 pounds
Operating system: BlackBerry Tablet OS
Launch date: Early 2011
Price: Not available
One of the most highly anticipated tablets for 2011 is Research in Motion's BlackBerry PlayBook. RIM is keeping several key details under wraps, including price and exact launch date, but has started recruiting developers to make PlayBook apps.

                                                                   HP Slate 50

                                                             
Size: 8.9-inch screen, 1.5 pounds
Operating system: Microsoft's Windows 7
Launch date: October 2010
Price: $799
Leave it to HP, the world's largest PC maker, to offer a business-focused tablet that runs Microsoft's Windows operating system. Reviews so far have been lukewarm. Consumers looking for HP tablets based on Palm's webOS platform will have to wait until next year.

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15 Time-saving Windows shortcuts

Time-saving Windows shortcuts

Time is often of the essence when dealing with PCs, especially when a lot of IT-based work seems to involve watching progress indicators crawl across the screen.

 It's vital to recoup what snippets of time you can,

and so a set of useful Windows shortcuts that help you perform common tasks is very welcome.For those tasks you carry out particularly often, consider setting a hotkey so you can launch them directly from the keyboard.

Here are 15 time-saving Windows shortcuts you should try.

1. Safely remove hardware:

A great place to start saving a few seconds is the 'Safely remove hardware' dialog, which helps you disconnect USB devices without data loss. The default method to launch this is via a small icon in the system tray, which can be fiddly and awkward to use, especially if you're in a hurry.

Here's how to make a standard shortcut that does the same job. Right-click anywhere on the desktop and choose 'New | Shortcut'. In the 'Location' box, type the following: RunDll32.exe shell32.dll,Control_RunDLL hotplug.dll.

Provide a suitable name for the shortcut and then complete the wizard. Double-click the newly created shortcut, then select the specific device that you want to remove.

2. Install USB Ejector:

If you want a bit more control, or you'd like to produce a shortcut that ejects a specific device, you can do so with the help of some additional software.

USB Ejector is free to use, and is available from. Download and install it.

When the software is launched, you can select the device to eject. By calling it from the command line, you can specify the drive letter you want to eject and then convert the command into a shortcut. Connect your USB drive to see what letter Windows assigns to it.

Now create a new shortcut with the following in the 'Location' box: C:\path-to\USB_Disk_Eject.exe / REMOVELETTER X, where 'path-to' is the full location of the program and 'X' is the letter of the USB drive. Complete the shortcut and you'll be able to use it to eject your drive.

3. Launch a screensaver:

If you want to launch a screensaver to obscure your screen, or just for fun, you can do so from the command line. If you convert this command to a shortcut, you can start a screensaver with a double-click.

To find the commands for the available screensavers, browse to the System32 folder, which is usually located at 'C:\Windows\ System32'. Run a search for '*. scr' and make a note of the screensaver file names.

Now return to the desktop and create a new shortcut with the full path to the screensaver of your choice, followed by the '/s' switch. For example, to launch the Mystify screensaver, enter: C:\Windows\System32\Mystify.scr /s.

4. Enable and disable transparency at will:

Some operations work best when Aero transparency is turned off, but doing so manually takes time. You can make shortcuts to disable and re-enable transparency quickly.

To disable it, enter the following into the 'Location' field: rundll32.exe dwmApi #104. To enable it again, create a shortcut with the following in 'Location': rundll32.exe dwmApi #102.

5. Mute hotkey:

Many laptops include a mute key that lets you switch off Windows sounds easily when you're working in a public place. However, if your laptop is missing such a luxury, you can always make your own.

Start by downloading and installing the free utility NirCmd.

Right-click on the desktop and choose 'New | Shortcut'. In the location bar enter "C:\path-to\nircmd.exe" mutesysvolume 2, where 'path-to' is the full location of the 'nircmd.exe' program.

Complete the shortcut and launch it to check that it mutes the sound. Launch it again to restore sound.

Now right-click the shortcut and choose 'Properties'. On the 'Shortcut' tab, set the hotkey you want to use to launch it. You can now mute Windows at will.

6. Copy file list to clipboard:

If you need to produce a list of file names, typing them all out individually or even copying and pasting each name can be a tedious process. With a simple registry hack, you can produce a right-click menu item that copies all the file names in a folder automatically.

To try this, choose 'Start' and enter regedit in the search bar. Press [Enter]. Browse to this key: 'HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\ Folder\shell'.

Create a new key called 'copylist', and a subkey below this called 'command'. In the 'copylist' key, right-click the default value and choose 'Modify'. Enter Copy list to clipboard. Now right-click the default value in command and choose 'Modify'. Enter the following for the value: cmd /c dir "%1" /b /a:-d /o:n | clip.

Close regedit – you can now right-click any folder to see the new menu option.

7. Clear the clipboard:

If you've recently placed a lot of data on the clipboard and no longer need it, or want it cleared for security reasons, this handy shortcut can help. It uses the 'clip.exe' utility, which is present in both Windows 7 and Vista.

To begin, right-click on the desktop and create a new shortcut. Type the following into 'Location': cmd /c "echo off | clip". Call the shortcut 'Clear clipboard'.

Right-click the new shortcut and choose 'Properties'. On the 'Shortcut' tab, set 'Run' to 'Minimised'. To help you remember what this particular shortcut does, you can give it a custom icon. Click 'Change icon' and browse to '%SystemRoot%\system32\shell32.dll'.

There are lots of different system icons available here, so select one that looks like a clipboard.

8. Copy text file contents:

You can also make a registry edit to add a right-click menu option that copies the full contents of a text file to the clipboard without you having to open it.

Click 'Start', enter regedit into the search bar and press enter. Browse to this key: 'HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\txtfile\shell'. Create a new key here called 'copytoclip' and set its default value to Copy file contents.

Now you need to create a subkey within this key, called 'command'. Modify this subkey's default value to this: cmd /c clip < "%1_. Close regedit and right-click a text file to test the new menu item and copy the text to the clipboard automatically.

9. Create a new folder quickly:

Press [Ctrl] + [Shift] + [N] in any Windows Explorer window using Windows 7 to create a new folder. To do the same thing in earlier versions of Windows, download and install bxNewFolder.

When you install the program, right-click and run the installer as administrator. This makes the [F12] key create a new folder.

10. Hibernate:

If you leave your PC for more than a minute or so, you can save power by putting it into hibernation. Creating a shortcut that does this job means you can do this more easily, and even assign a hotkey to it.

Right-click the desktop and choose New, Shortcut. Enter the following as the location: C:\ Windows\System32\rundll32.exe powrprof.dll, SetSuspendState 0,1,0.

Call the shortcut 'Hibernate'. Right-click the new shortcut and choose 'Properties'. On the 'Shortcut' tab, you can then assign a hotkey and browse for a suitable icon.

11. Eject CD/DVD:

If you install the freeware NirCmd utility, you can create a shortcut that opens your CD/DVD drive tray. Set the following as the location of the shortcut: "C:\ path-to\nircmd.exe" cdrom open D:.

Replace 'path-to' with the location of the 'nircmd.exe' file. To make a shortcut to close the CD tray, use the same location but change 'open' to 'close'.

12. Switch power plans quickly:

You can create a shortcut to switch to any Windows power plan if you find its GUID. The shortcut location is: powercfg -setactive <GUID>. Replace '<GUID>' with the string of characters that Windows applies to that scheme.

You can find this out by opening a command prompt and entering powercfg -list. Right-click the background of the command window and choose 'Mark'. Select the GUID that you want to use and copy it to the clipboard.

13. Shutdown shortcut:

Instead of going to the 'Start' menu to shut down your PC, why not create a shortcut that does the job in one operation? Set this as the location: Shutdown.exe -s -t 00.

14. Restart shortcut:

You can do exactly the same thing to produce a shortcut that restarts your PC. Just change the shortcut location to: Shutdown.exe -r -t 00.

15. Lock workstation:

Finally, if you want to lock your PC, there's a 'lock workstation' shortcut. Enter the following as the location to create it: Rundll32.exe User32. dll,LockWorkStation.

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Next Generation Computer

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Keystroke Catcher

Very important thing I particularly like the person before you use a PC .. in cyber cafe 1st Check whether the device is connected near the CPU or not .. This tool is called Keystroke . It is inserted at the end of the keyboard cable connected to my PC, is used to store all my data was typed by the keyboard ... Many are used in Internet cafes, exhibitions, hotels and airports. So be careful who use the Internet, especially in a place like that to access online bank accounts or other important site. Once you get into your bank account, and upon completion, leaving the PC, it would be easy to open an account with them back with what you type before , I have stored in the Black device. So, you should check the PC if there something suspicious on his back before using the Internet in a public place to access important site Hopefully this information useful for you all .. ..

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Stages of a Software Engineer

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Intresting for IT people

Our FRIEND WAS chatting with a Female - Online chat.

(Background both are s/w engineers by the way and both work for real big MNC's)

                                       
Hero : Hey...GM (Good Morning)... How's u doing today?

Female: VGM...Day is going good and it got better having found u on chat

Hero : wow...am honoured, u know what, my day starts only when I find you on Chat

Female: Yep...me too feel the same...Brb (be right back)'ll get some Coffee.

Hero : OK
(Hero waits impatiently. Meanwhile, his manager comes to his desk ).

Manager : Hey, I need some help from you

Hero : [**** This guy always comes at wrong time] Yeah tell me.

Manager : Could u write a program for me which generates nth prime number, Given value of n. Would you give this by today evening?

Hero : I would do that, but I think it's quite hard, is it ok with you, if I Give it by tomorrow evening.

Manager: Yeah, that would be fine. Thank you [Leaves the place]

(Our hero sighs and stares at his monitor waiting impatiently for Female to Arrive. All of a sudden smiles on his face. Over to chat window...)

Female: Hey, am back

Hero : cool, you know what my manager does, he's kinda..... keeps asking stupid tings, tries to give me stupid work.... $*#&$@

Female: Yeah, it's the same everywhere. Real sick ppl these managers are!!

Hero : Yep, u rite!!

Female: Hey, can u do me a favor

Hero : *smiles* sure, why not.

Female: Hey, I want you to write me a program to print nth prime Number, given N. Would you give that to me by tomorrow evening? Plzzz. You know it's real Urgent for me to work this out

Hero : hey, that's a one-hour's work. Sure check Ur mail in an hour from now.
ok?

Female: THIS IS WHAT I ASKED U WHEN I CAME TO YOUR WORK PLACE. NOW YOU KNOW WHO I AM ...!!
AND ONE MORE POINT.... YOUR 1 HOUR TIME STARTS NOW !!

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Customize XP Tips n Tricks

Some tips to Customize Windows XP 
Customize XP Tips | Tricks 

1) Remove windows messenger from WinXP one forever 
Go to Run box and type next:
runDll32 advpack.dll, LaunchINFSection %windir%\INF\ msmsgs.inf, BLC.Remove

2) Disable XP Error Reporting 
Right click on MyComputer choose Properties
In System Properties click on Advenced
In Advenced click on Error Reporting
Check "Disable error reporting"
Leave unchecked field "But notify me when critical errors occur"

3) Hide 'User Accounts' from users 
Go to Start/Run, and type: GPEDIT.MSC
Open the path
User Config > Admin Templates > Control Panel
doubleclick "Hide specified Control Panel applets"
put a dot in 'enabled', then click 'Show"
click Add button,
type "nusrmgt.cpl" into the add box


4) Create Your Own Logon Message 

Click Start, click Run, type regedit, and then click OK.
In the Registry Editor, drill down to the following key: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\ SOFTWARE\ Microsoft\ Windows NT\CurrentVersion\ Winlogon
Right-click LegalNoticeCaption, click Modify, type My Windows XP Machine, and then click OK.
Right-click LegalNoticeText, click Modify, and then type your message.
Close the editor and your new message will appear at every log on.
This tip applies to computers that are part of a domain. For stand-alone or peer-to-peer networks, the custom screen appears just before the Welcome screen.

5) Disable balloon tips 

Run regedit and Navigate to Key:
HKEY_CURRENT_ USER\Software\ Microsoft\ Windows\CurrentV ersion \Explorer\Advanced
then set the value of 'EnableBalloonTips' to 0.

6) Create your own popup menu in the taskbar 

You can create your own popup window other than START MENU in the taskbar.
Put all the shortcuts to the applications that you want to popup in a folder.
Then you right click on taskbar ->toolbars ->new toolbar -> and select the folder

7) Reset Your Password On XP 

1. Restart you computer

2. When booting, press F8 and select "Safe Mode"

3. After getting to the user menu. Click on a user and this time it will not ask you for a password

4. Go to Start>Run and type "CMD" (without the quotes).

5. At command prompt type in "cd C:WindowsSystem32" (without the quotes), I am assuming C is your System/Windows Drive

6.For safety purposes first make a backup of your Logon.Scr file.. You can do this by typing in "Copy to Logon.scr to Logon.bak" (without the quotes)

7.Then type "copy CMD.EXE Logon.scr"(without the quotes)

8.Then type this command, I will assume that you want to set Administrator' s password to "MyNewPass" (without the quotes)

9.Now, type this in (I am assuming that you are still in the directory C:WindowsSystem32) , "net user administrator MyNewPass" without the quotes

10. You will get a message saying that it was successful, this means Administrator' s new password is "MyNewPass" (without the quotes)

11. Restart the PC and you will login as Administrator (or whatever you chose to reset) with your chosen password

Create your own Internet Explorer Toolbar 

First, create your HTML file and place it in whatever folder is easiest for you to remember. ( I have a folder on my D drive called Desktop Toolbars. )

Go to: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\ SOFTWARE\ Microsoft\ Internet Explorer\AboutURLs

Create a new String Value with an easy to remember name.
Ex: TopToolbar ,BottomToolbar ,GoogleSearchPage

In the data for the new string value you've created, put the COMPLETE address for the HTML page you want to display in a toolbar.

Like this: D:\Desktop_Toolbars \TopBar.html

To show your new toolbar, right-click on your taskbar and choose "Toolbars" > New Toolbar.

In the box labeled Folder:, type about: with the name of the string value you created that represents the HTML file you want to see in your toolbar.
Like this:
about:TopBar
will display your D:\Desktop_Toolbars \TopBar.html in your taskbar.
about:BottomBar
about:GoogleSearchP age

Speed Up Windows XP and Improve performance 


1) Shutting down WinXP faster 

When a user shuts down Windows XP, first the system has to kill all services currently running. Every once in a while the service does not shut down instantly and windows give it a change to shut down on its own before it kills it. This amount of time that windows wait is stored in the system registry. If you modify this setting, then windows will kill the service earlier. To modify the setting, follow the directions below:

Click on Start, and then goto run, type REGEDIT

Navigate to HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE/ SYSTEM/CurrentCo ntrolSet/ Control.
Click on the "Control" Folder.
Select "WaitToKillServiceT imeout"
Right click on it and select Modify. Set it a value lower than 4000

2) You can start up without needing to enter a user name or password. 

Select Run... from the start menu and type 'control userpasswords2' , which will open the user accounts application. On the Users tab, clear the box for Users Must Enter A User Name And Password To Use This Computer, and click on OK. An Automatically Log On dialog box will appear; enter the user name and password for the account you want to use.

3) Windows XP SP2 Tweaks 

Disable the SP antivirus and firewall functions

[HKEY_LOCAL_ MACHINE\SOFTWARE \Microsoft\ Security Center]
"AntiVirusDisableNo tify"=dword :00000001
"FirewallDisableNot ify"=dword: 00000001
; don't monitor firewall and antivirus
"AntiVirusOverride" =dword:00000001
"FirewallOverride" =dword:00000001


Turn off Auto Updates 

[HKEY_LOCAL_ MACHINE\SOFTWARE \Microsoft\Windows\ CurrentVersion\ WindowsUpdate\ Auto Update]
"AUOptions"= dword:00000001
;disable Auto Update
[HKEY_LOCAL_ MACHINE\SOFTWARE \Microsoft\Security Center]
"UpdatesDisableNoti fy"=dword: 00000001

Turn off the SP2 firewall

[HKEY_LOCAL_ MACHINE\SOFTWARE \Policies\ Microsoft\ WindowsFire wall\DomainProfile]
"EnableFirewall" =dword:00000000

turn off firewall policy for domain profile
[HKEY_LOCAL_ MACHINE\SOFTWARE \Policies\ Microsoft\ WindowsFire wall\StandardProfil e]
"EnableFirewall" =dword:00000000

4) Disable unnecessary Services 

Caution:
Exercise caution when stopping services. If you do not know what a service does or are unsure of the ramifications of stopping the service, leave it alone. Some services are critical to Windows XP's operations, so make sure you understand what the service is before you disable it.
Open Control Panel/Administrativ e ToolsServices or else select Start/Run, type services.msc, and click OK. Either way, you see the Services console.
Notice that on the General tab, you see a Startup Type drop-down menu. If you want to change an automatic service to manual, select Manual here and click OK. As a general rule, don't disable a service unless you are sure you will never use it. However, manual configuration allows the service to be started when you find it necessary, thus speeding up your boot time. However, before you change a service to manual, look at the Dependencies tab. This tab shows you which other services depend upon the service you are considering changing.

Tip: 

The Indexing service and the System Restore service take up a lot of disk space and system resources across the board. You can live without the Indexing service but I suggest that you keep using System Restore. It works great when you are in a bind and this is one case where the loss of speed may not be worth the ramifications of not using System Restore.

While disabling services, check and make sure that IIS (internet information server) is not installed and running if you do not want to run a web server, ftp, or mail server. If you find it, you can uninstall from the control panel. If you only want to run one of the 3 services it provides, disable the other 2 (the 3 should be HTTP server, FTP server, & SMTP server).

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Top 21 desktop shortcut keys To Ever Use

These days are very interested to use shortcut keys & some newbies asked me to list it, but now I’m back to college, so i listed out the top 21 & we will blog the whole shortcut keys list later. Now let us see the top 21 desktop shortcut keys

Windows key + E = Explorer
Windows key + Break = System properties
Windows key + F = Search
Windows key + D = Hide/Display all windows
Windows key + R = Run command pop-ups
ALT + Tab = Switch between windows
ALT, Space, X = Maximize window
CTRL + Shift + Esc = Task Manager
CTRL + C = Copy
CTRL + X = Cut
CTRL + V = Paste
CTRL + Z   = Undo an action
CTRL + Y  = Redo an action
CTRL + A  =Select all items in a document or window
F1 = Display Help
F2 = Rename the selected item
F3 = Search for a file or folder
F4 = Display the Address bar list in Windows Explorer
F5 = Refresh the active window
F6 = Cycle through screen elements in a window or on the desktop
F10 = Activate the menu bar in the active program

These commands are very useful to day to day life, keep using and then you’ll automatically remember when you want

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